Production of Pure Oxygen

Oxygen is the third most widely used chemical in the world, with an annual worldwide market of over $9 billion.  Uses for
pure oxygen range from relatively small scale (1) breathing oxygen systems for patients with pulmonary disorders and (2)
medical oxygen systems for hospitals to large industrial applications like (3) chemical synthesis, (4) enriched air for refining
systems (e.g. FCC regenerators), (5) syngas generation for GTL (Gas to Liquids) plants or (6) commercial coal or coke
gasification systems. It is estimated that oxygen separation accounts for ~15% of the capital cost of an IGCC (Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle) system and as much as 25% of the cost of a grass-roots GTL plant. Trans Ionics in
collaboration with the University of Houston is developing a novel oxygen separation system called SeprOx that promises
to significantly lower these costs.

The ability to separate oxygen from air has proven invaluable to many industries, because using pure oxygen in high-
temperature furnaces improves their efficiency and reduces emissions. However, the high cost of oxygen has been a
barrier to the widespread application of oxygen-enriched combustion and oxygen-blown gasification in coal-fired power
plants.  The separation of pure oxygen from air is currently carried out by cryogenic distillation in which air is cooled down
to the liquefaction temperature of oxygen (-183 °C) at which point nitrogen is still in the gas phase (nitrogen must be cooled
to -196 °C to liquefy). Because the boiling points of oxygen and nitrogen are so close, however, this process requires
hundreds of equilibrium stages in the distillation columns, thus contributing to a high capital cost; and because of the very
low temperatures involved, it is extremely energy intensive, thus increasing operating costs.

In recent years, a new technology for separating oxygen from air has been explored. This technology involves the use of
Ion Transport Membranes (ITMs) which selectively separate pure oxygen from air at temperatures between 700 °C and
1,000 °C. For an animated view of how these devices work, click here. These solid oxide electrolytes of varying
compositions have been shown to have high oxygen production rates and produce >99.95% pure oxygen. The use of ITMs
is expected to reduce the cost of oxygen production by 30-50% versus cryogenic distillation; and in 1999 the U. S.
Department of Energy awarded a consortium led by Air Products and Chemicals an eight year, $90 million grant to develop
ITM oxygen separation. A four year, $37 million award was made shortly thereafter to a consortium led by Praxair; and
considerable progress has been made by both consortia.

One of the debits of existing ITM systems, however, is their high operating temperatures, which result in higher
manufacturing cost (because of more exotic materials of construction, etc). Like solid oxide fuel cells, the goal for these
oxygen separation systems for some time has been the development of an electrolyte that operates effectively in the 400-
700 °C range. Until now, no such materials have been available. A recent discovery by researchers at the University of
Houston’s Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), however, has shown that certain layered mixed metal oxides have
unusually high oxygen mobility. More importantly, this high mobility occurs some 400 – 500 °C lower than in metal oxides
currently under development by other companies. Thus, this discovery enables SeprOx to produce cost-effective, pure
oxygen permeation systems that can function at far lower temperature than existing electrolytes.